Determinación de zonas de ruido ambiental dañino en instalaciones no operativas de bases aéreas militares / Determination of harmful environmental noise zones in non-operating military air base facilities

Resumen Introducción: El ruido es un sonido desagradable que afecta la salud y que es factor de riesgo para hipertensión y cardiopatía isquémica. La aviación genera ruido y contaminación del aire que daña la audición y es un problema a nivel mundial y para la población en general y para quienes trabajan en los aeropuertos, por lo que debe ser analizado. Sobre el tema se han publicado trabajos diversos, más sin embargo son pocos los estudios hechos en zonas aledañas a bases aéreas y brindándose poca atención preventiva a la población que labora dentro de ellas. Objetivo: Determinar la existencia de niveles de ruido ambiental dañino en instalaciones de trabajo no operativas de bases aéreas militares. Material y métodos: Se midió el ruido ambiental en turnos laborales por 7 días, en las bases aéreas de Santa Lucía, y Zapopan, con sonómetro ambiental Extech® Mod. 407732, clase 2, normas ANSI y IEC 651 Type 2 y calibrador 407744 de 94 ó 114 dB., en áreas expuestas al ruido cercanas a la pista de aterrizaje en horas de máxima actividad aérea. Resultados: Se encontró ruido dañino no satisfactorio y peligroso entre los 68 dB y 82.06 dB de nivel equivalente sonoro de ruido (LEQ), fuera de norma para ruido ambiental. Conclusiones: Los niveles de ruido encontrado se salen de los parámetros aceptables de exposición al ruido ambiental en la comunidad, por tanto resulta nocivo y se debe contar con medios de protección y programas preventivos para evitar la pérdida de la audición.

Abstract Introduction: Noise is an unpleasant sound that affects health and is a risk factor for hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Aviation generates noise and air pollution that damages hearing and is a problem worldwide and for the general population and for those who work in airports, so it must be analyzed. Various works have been published on the subject, however, there are few studies carried out in areas surrounding air bases and little preventive care is provided to the population that works within them. Objective: Determine the existence of harmful environmental noise levels in non-operational work installations of military air bases. Material and Methods: Ambient noise was measured in work shifts for 7 days, at the air bases of Santa Lucía and Zapopan, with Extech® Mod. 407732, class 2 environmental sound level meter, ANSI and IEC 651 Type 2 standards and 407766 gauge of 94 or 114 dB, in áreas exposed to noise near the runway at peak hours air activit Results: No satisfactory and dangerous harmful noise was found between 68 dB and 82.06 dB of noise equivalent noise level (LEQ), out of the norm for ambient noise. Conclusions: The noise found does not meet what is established for the levels of exposure of environmental noise in the community, it must have means of protection and preventive programs to prevent hearing loss.

Transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus in environmental noise-exposed SAMP8 mice reveals regulatory pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology

BACKGROUND@#Chronic noise exposure is one environmental hazard that is associated with genetic susceptibility factors that increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the comprehensive understanding of the link between chronic noise stress and AD is limited. Herein, we investigated the effects of chronic noise exposure on AD-like changes in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8).@*METHODS@#A total of 30 male SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into the noise-exposed group, the control group, and aging group (positive controls), and mice in the exposure group were exposed to 98 dB SPL white noise for 30 consecutive days. Transcriptome analysis and AD-like neuropathology of hippocampus were examined by RNA sequencing and immunoblotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time PCR were used to further determine the differential gene expression and explore the underlying mechanisms of chronic noise exposure in relation to AD at the genome level.@*RESULTS@#Chronic noise exposure led to amyloid beta accumulation and increased the hyperphosphorylation of tau at the Ser202 and Ser404 sites in young SAMP8 mice; similar observations were noted in aging SAMP8 mice. We identified 21 protein-coding transcripts that were differentially expressed: 6 were downregulated and 15 were upregulated after chronic noise exposure; 8 genes were related to AD. qPCR results indicated that the expression of Arc, Egr1, Egr2, Fos, Nauk1, and Per2 were significantly high in the noise exposure group. These outcomes mirrored the results of the RNA sequencing data.@*CONCLUSIONS@#These findings further revealed that chronic noise exposure exacerbated aging-like impairment in the hippocampus of the SAMP8 mice and that the protein-coding transcripts discovered in the study may be key candidate regulators involved in environment-gene interactions.

Short Form of Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale (NSS-SF): Reliability, Validity and Gender Invariance among Chinese Individuals / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#Independent from noise exposure, noise sensitivity plays a pivotal role in people's noise annoyance perception and concomitant health deteriorations. The present study empirically investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale-Short Form (CNSS-SF), the widely used inventory measuring individual differences in noise perception.@*METHODS@#In total, 373 Chinese participants (age = 21.41 ± 3.36) completed the online, anonymous questionnaire package. Examination of the CNSS-SF's reliability (internal consistency), factorial validity through validation and cross-validation, nomological validity and measurement invariance across gender groups were undertaken.@*RESULTS@#The Cronbach alpha coefficients and composite reliabilities indicated sufficient reliability of the CNSS-SF. Two confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), in two randomly partitioned groups of participants, substantiated the factorial validity of the scale. The nomological validity of the scale was also corroborated by the significant positive association of its score with the trait anxiety score. Measurement invariance of the CNSS-SF was also found across genders via multi-group CFA.@*CONCLUSION@#Though not without limitations, findings from the present research provide promising evidence for the utility of the scale in measuring noise sensitivity among the Chinese population. The availability of the CNSS-SF can promote research related to environmental noise and health in China, as well as facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.

Analysis of Subway Interior Noise at Peak Commuter Time

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although mass transit systems are convenient and efficient for urban people, little attention has been paid to the potential hearing hazard from their noise. The purpose of the current study was to measure and analyze levels of subway interior noise at peak commuter times and to provide information about commuters' daily dose of noise exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To measure the subway interior noise, nine subway lines inside Seoul (i.e., lines 1-9) and six lines surrounding the capital city area (i.e., Central, Bundang, Sinbundang, Incheon, Gyeongui, and Gyeongchun) were chosen. The noise was measured and recorded by a sound level meter for two-hour periods in the morning and evening. RESULTS: 1) In the LZeq analysis, the average noise level of all 15 lines was 72.78 dB; the maximum and minimum noise levels were 78.34 and 62.46 dB, respectively. The average noise level of the nine lines inside Seoul was 73.45 dB, which was 1.68-dB louder than that of the six lines surrounding the capital city area. 2) Based on the LZeq analysis of 33 measured frequencies, 12.5 Hz was the highest frequency and 20,000 Hz was the lowest. 3) There was no remarkable difference in the level of subway interior noise between morning and evening peak commuter times. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the level of subway interior noise was not loud enough for commuters to incur noise-induced hearing loss. Regardless, environmental noise control efforts in the subway system might be needed for commuters who take a subway every day.

Assessment Of Traffic Noise And The Association With Non Auditory Effect Among Shop Lot Workers In Kajang, Selangor

The objective of study is to determine traffic noise level and non-auditory effect among shop lot workers at Kajang Selangor. This cross sectional study was carried to study traffic noise exposure with annoyance and work performance level among shop lot workers in Jalan Mendaling, Jalan Tukang and Jalan Sulaiman at Kajang town, Selangor. This study involves 120 shop lot workers that exposed to the traffic noise during their working hours where they are randomly selected. Noise exposure was estimated using the Sound Level Meter for environmental noise. The traffic volume was recorded using video recorder and calculated using tally counter. One set questionnaire consist standard questionnaire was used to assess the annoyance level and work performance level among the respondents. Respondents were predominantly by male which are 94 and female, 26 respondents. The mean age of the respondent were ranged between 41 to 60 years old. Only 12.5% of respondent are ranged 21 until 30 years old. In total of 120 respondent, 54.2% of them are Chinese while Malay and India only 30% and 15.8% respectively. The result showed that the traffic noise level at study areas are exceeded the permissible sound limit of commercial and business area during daylight which is 70 dB(A). Regarding work performance, 94 respondents are having low work performance level and 82% of respondent high annoyance level during the exposure of traffic noise from four different sources which are noise from the traffic, speeding vehicle, high traffic volume and exhaust system. There is a significant relationship between traffic noise level with work performance level (p=0.001) and annoyance level (p=0.026). The average traffic noise (Laeq) level at Jalan Mendaling, Jalan Tukang and Jalan Sulaiman is 71.19 dB(A) which were high and exceeds permissible sound level from road traffic, commercial and business place at day time, 70 dB(A). The exposure from the traffic noise effect the annoyance level and work performance level among the shop lot worker. In order to reduce traffic noise exposure towards the shop lot workers, some recommendation are needed to control the traffic noise such as build a noise barrier, plant trees and also enforcement of legal requirement in noise level.

Contaminación vehicular en la conurbación pereira-dosquebradas / Vehicle fuel and sound contamination in the pereira-dosquebradas conubaation

Se realizó un estudio sobre la contaminación ambiental por ruido y emisiones de material particulado PM10 asociado a fuentes móviles en la conurbación Pereira-Dosquebradas. Objetivo: Analizar la relación salud con el ruido ambiental y el PM10 asociado al flujo vehicular. Metodología: Se realizaron mediciones de flujo vehicular y ruido ambiental en tres sitios de interés por congestión vehicular. Adicionalmente, se reunió información de estaciones de calidad del aire disponibles en la zona de estudio y población con enfermedad respiratoria aguda (ERA). A partir de estos datos, se desarrollaron modelos para estimar el ruido ambiental a partir de condiciones del flujo vehicular y se proponen dos modelos de simulación reuniendo características de la dinámica de crecimiento poblacional, flujo vehicular y posibles emisiones de material particulado, para estimar el efecto potencial sobre la salud y los costos inducidos asociados a la contaminación. Resultados: En los sitios estudiados, se encontró que el flujo vehicular y el ruido ambiental son estadísticamente mayores en horas pico de la tarde (5 pm a 7 pm). El mayor flujo vehicular se encontró en el sector de la avenida sur de Pereira con un promedio de 2693 veh-Eq/h. Adicionalmente, se pudo estimar que los costos ambientales asociados a la contaminación atmosférica (PM10) podrán llegar a ser del orden del 2% del presupuesto para el municipio de Pereira. Conclusión: El ruido ambiental está correlacionado con el flujo vehicular. El ruido ambiental generado principalmente por efecto del flujo vehicular puede llegar a superar los límites permitidos en la norma nacional para sitios cerca de hospitales. De acuerdo con los modelos de simulación desarrollados, si las condiciones de crecimiento del parque automotor circulante continúan a igual ritmo, en menos de ocho años los efectos de las concentraciones elevadas de material particulado causarán un efecto evidente sobre la morbilidad por enfermedad respiratoria aguda y en los costos ambientales estimados.

A study on noise contamination and particle pollution of PM10 associated with mobile sources in the Pereira-Dosquebradas conurbation was carried out. Objective: To analyze the relationship between health, environmental noise and PM10 due to vehicular flow. Methodology: Measurements of environmental noise and vehicular flow in three sites of interest by traffic congestion were carried out. Additionally, information from air quality stations available in the study area and population with acute respiratory disease (ARD) was collected. From these data, models to estimate the environmental noise from traffic flow conditions were developed and two simulation models using dynamic characteristics of population growth, traffic flow and potential emissions of particulate matter are proposed in order to estimate the potential effect on health and associated induced costs associated with pollution. Results: In the sites studied, it was found that the flow of traffic and environmental noise are statistically higher in the afternoon peak hour (5 pm to 7 pm). The higher traffic flow was found in the sector of Avenida Sur in Pereira with an average of 2,693 veh-Eq/h. Furthermore, from the simulation models, it was found that the environmental costs associated with air pollution (PM10) may become around 2% of the budget for the municipality of Pereira. Conclusion: Environmental noise is correlated with traffic flow. Environmental noise is generated mainly by the effect of traffic flow and it may exceed the limits established in the national standard for sites near hospitals. According to the simulation models developed, if the growth conditions of the vehicle fleet continue in the same tendency, in less than eight years the effects of high concentrations of particulate matter will cause a significant effect on morbidity due to acute respiratory disease and a higher estimated environmental cost.